Can repurposed EV batteries be used in communication base stations?
Among the potential applications of repurposed EV LIBs, the use of these batteries in communication base stations (CBSs) isone of the most promising candidates owing to the large-scale onsite energy storage demand ( Heymans et al., ; Sathre et al., ).
Which stakeholders should bear the environmental burdens of battery recycling?
Since battery recycling occurs at the end of the secondary use in CBS,stakeholders in the reusing sector should bear the environmental burdens of recycling. In this case, the two allocation factors α and β are respectively set to 0 and 1.
Should repurposed lithium batteries be used as a lab system?
From the resource point of view, the MDP of repurposed LIBs isnot always preferable to that of the conventional LAB system. Recently, the environmental and social impacts of battery metals such as nickel, lithium and cobalt, have drawn much attention due to the ever-increasing demand ( Ziemann et al., ; Watari et al., ).
What happens if repurposed lithium ion batteries are widely promoted?
On the other hand, if the secondary use of repurposed LIBs is widely promoted,a delay in metal circulation will occur; the material availability might be questionable, and more primary lithium, copper, and aluminum have to be extracted to meet the supply shortages in the manufacturing sector.
Do repurposed libs reduce battery value?
In the categories of FDP, FEP, PMFP, and POFP, the use of the repurposed LIBs in the CBS results in an average reduction in the value of the battery of34%. This reduction is attributed to the considerably greater impacts associated with the production of LAB, particularly considering the lead consumption.
What is the recycling stage of a lithium ion battery?
In the recycling stage, the collectedLIB packs are dismantled to obtain the main components, such as battery cells, BMSs, and packaging, and various material fractions are recovered from these components separately (Table A1 in the supplementary materials).
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